Today, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining is a cornerstone of technology. With its speed, precision, and ability to accurately produce complex parts across a range of industries, it has firmly established itself as an integral part of the manufacturing world.
But have you ever wondered about the origins of CNC machining? Where did it come from? Who invented CNC machines in the first place?
CNC machining dates back to the Second World War and the Second Industrial Revolution. Since then, it has established its presence in the modern era and will continue to influence the manufacturing industry for years to come.
So how did it all begin?
The beginning
While CNC machining was primarily developed in the 1940s and 50s, we can’t ignore its rich history, which goes back to World War Two.
The Second World War marked an increase in the demand for more complex machinery to achieve higher quality and precision, but the methods available at the time didn’t fit the bill. This era, which largely focused on manufacturing and automation, saw a significant breakthrough in 1949 with the creation of the first Numerical Control (NC) machine. This technology would reshape the industry.
This machine was developed by pioneering developer John T. Parsons and operated with punch cards that dictated its movements — a sophisticated technology for its time. With it, he could use mathematically developed aerofoil shapes to produce helicopter blades. He later received wide recognition for his efforts, including the first Joseph Marie Jacquard Memorial Award and an honorary plaque from the Society of Manufacturers Engineers. But this development was only the start.
When were CNC machines invented?
In 1952, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed the first prototype CNC milling machine with J.F. Reintjes. The first commercially available CNC machine — the Cincinnati Milacron Hydrotel — came shortly after. Cincinnati Milacron was later established as one of the first CNC machine manufacturers.
At first, the coding language couldn’t be adjusted after it was entered. It had to be developed and programmed manually. In later years, however, CNC machines have continued to advance and grow with more complex technologies. G-codes could be incorporated with logical commands, which allowed for a new programming language controlled by digital computers. Thanks to this, they started to process information faster and more accurately.
Why did we create CNC machining?
So, what are CNC machines? Why did we create them?
Essentially, CNC machines operate via computers. They were created for precise and repeatable manufacturing of complex shapes and parts. Previous processes didn’t allow this, so CNC machining services offered a low-cost and high-quality alternative ideal for various industries.
Before CNC machining, the three main manufacturing methods were manual machining, mechanical automation and simple programmable machines like NC machines.
Manual machining comprised hand-operated tools that were time-consuming and often resulted in errors. Manual milling machines, lathes and drills weren’t practical or efficient, which meant they didn’t produce optimal results — especially with the demand from the aerospace industry throughout WW2. The same could be said about mechanical automation, like cam-driven lathes, as they weren’t precise or adaptable enough.
While NC machines marked a new technological leap and grew in sophistication, they were never controlled using a computer. They were controlled with a punch card or magnetic tape. So, when CNC machining was introduced, it quickly dominated the market.
Popularity of CNC machines
The popularity of CNC machines really stepped up in the late 1960s. They ensured quicker manufacturing processes, better quality and higher reliability. With the addition of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems in 1976, which let manufacturers form 3D models, CNC machining became standard practice for large-volume production. When the 1980s and ‘90s came around, it gained recognition as a more user-friendly, flexible and cost-efficient alternative to manually and mechanically automated machines — even for small businesses, thanks to the rise in affordable microprocessors and machines.
Popularity only increased as we entered the 21st century. As CNC technology advanced, robotic systems found a calling in machining centres and lathes to advance automation. This meant that specific machines could be left unsupervised longer than before. As a result, productivity could increase without labour costs increasing with it.
What are CNC machines used for?
Since its rise in popularity, CNC machining has been employed in a wide range of industries to make different parts and components. Two primary industries that use CNC machining are automotive and aerospace, where meeting exact tolerances with exact precision and repeatability is fundamental. It also comes in handy for medical components and electronics with complex geometries that most other machinery simply can’t achieve.
Present-day CNC machining
As of 2024, CNC machining has evolved like never before. With various machine types available, from lathes and lasers to milling machines, CNC machining companies deliver a versatile manufacturing method for different materials and geometries.
With complex software and high-speed performance, CNC machines are vital for manufacturing shapes and parts from blocks or rods of material using coded, programmed instructions. But how do CNC machines work?
Usually, the CNC machining process begins with a 3D design and a CAD file. CNC machines struggle to read CAD files, so they’re converted to a format that works. Whereas CAD primarily focuses on the product itself, Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software focuses on how that product is made. It provides a seamless machining process and supplies the right G-code to operate the machine. G-code tells the machine what to do and how to do it.
The correct programming means that machines’ cutting tools function seamlessly. Their speed and accuracy make them ideal for rapidly creating complex shapes and intricate detailing. Because of this, CNC machines create parts that meet specific standards and requirements.
After manufacturing, specific post-processes and inspections ensure the component is entirely accurate. Then, it can be cleared for distribution.
Advantages of CNC machining
CNC machining’s popularity stems from its many benefits.
We’ve already mentioned its speed, accuracy, precision, and compatibility with different materials. Thanks to this, CNC machines can craft components with exact tolerances and dimensions in metal, wood, and composites. This makes for quick and easy assembly as there’s less waiting around and fewer remade parts caused by faults and inaccuracies.
CNC machines often require less electricity than traditional manufacturing processes. This is because they work faster and draw less power.
Manual effort is also reduced as machines are computer automated. This prevents additional waste caused by mistakes and ensures consistency and uniformity across batches. CNC machines are a safer option, too. Any errors or jams will only affect the machine, whereas traditional methods have the potential to harm the operator.
The future of CNC machining
While the future is always uncertain, the direction of CNC machining in the years ahead looks promising.
In 2022, the global CNC machine market size was estimated at £74.6 billion. By 2032, it’s expected to hit £120.98 billion.
CNC machining’s collaboration with 3D printing and the recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) means that the manufacturing process and its products have the potential to be optimised like never before. The rise in robotics and automation has also evolved CNC machining operations with additional accessibility to keep up with changing sector needs and rising challenges. It’s expected that this will continue, and CNCs will thrive for years to come.
Summarising CNC’s history
So, let’s look back on our timeline.
CNC machining became a knockout in the 1940s with Parsons’ development and only grew more effective in the 1950s with advanced programming and computer control. Its popularity rose in the 1960s and surged in the 70s when the machines were used alongside CAD for mass 3D model production.
The 1980s and 90s introduced more affordable components, making CNC machines even more viable. Since 2000, advances in robotics and automation have made them a go-to option for practically any manufacturing organisation.
And with the advent of generative AI upon us, who knows what the future holds? If their evolution over the past 75 years is anything to go by, manufacturers have a lot to look forward to.
Supporting UK businesses
Are you looking for support with your project? Sheldon Precision is here to help. With a full CNC manufacturing facility, we provide a premium service to exact customer specifications.